高中英语第一册（上、下）单元知识要点解疑
SBI Unit1---9单元知识要点
1，问：So was my friend Bob(SBL1p1)中so的使用与下列两题中，so的用法有什么区别？在复习中还需注意哪些方面？
1），I like sports and _____my brother.(NMET79’)
A, so does B, so is C, so D, so likes
2）,--John won first prize in the contest.
--______(NMET87’)
A, So he did B, So did he C, So he did, too D, So did he ,too
解答：so的使用句型，一般来说要注意四点：1），倒装句型：so（neither/nor）+系动词/助动词/情态动词等+主语；表示“。。。也一样（也不一样）”，如你所问的句子就是属于此类，以及上文例1，选A；又如：
--Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?
--I don't know, _____(NMET91’)
A, nor don't I care B, Nor do I care
C, I don't care neither D, I don't care also （选B）
2），强调句型：so +主语+系动词/助动词/情态动词等；表赞同上文的观点。如例2，选A。又如：
---It was careless of you to have left your clothes outside all night.
---My God! __________.(NMET 99'上海)
A, so did I B, So I did C, So were you D, So did you (选B)
3），同时，在表“。。。也一样（也不一样）”时，当上文出现了多种情况，多种形式的句子时，这时不能确定哪一个助动词，我们常用it is/was （the same ） with +主语；如：
---I used to take a walk after supper, but now I dislike it.
---It is the same with me.
4), so用作替代词跟在do后指代前文提到的动词，主语+do +so；如：
He didn't finish his homework, but he will do so tomorrow.
2,问：Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors(SBI L2 p2)一句中，如何区分go on to do sth/go on doing sth/go on with sth?
解答：go on doing sth表示同一动作的持续性，强调连续不断地做某事； go on to do sth 表停下先前的动作再干另一个动作，强调主语做事的延续性；而go on with sth表事情时间上的持续性，并非不间断，一般后接名词性的成分。如：
The doctor found a young girl, who went on shouting and crying obviously mad.
She went on with her work although she met something difficult.
After reading for a while, he ________some native talks in English.
A, goes on listening to B, goes on to listen
C, goes on to listen to D, goes on with
(读书与听不是同一动作，只是主语的延续动作，故选C)
类似的词组有stop doing sth/stop to do sth
3，问：My Dad has only two men working for him(SB1L2 p2)中，have sb doing sth与have sb do sth在用法上有何不同？还有其他用法吗？
答：这是使役动词的用法，have sb doing sth表让某人持续某一种动作状态，have sb do sth表一次性动作，如：
Why do you have the tap water running all the time?
A computer does only what thinking people ________(NMET99'上海)
A, have it do B, have it done
C, have done it D, having it done
"计算机只是按人们让它思维的方式思考”，选A。
另外，还要掌握区分与运用get sb to do sth/ have sth done/have sth to do，get sb to do sth为“让某人干某事”；have sth done “让。。。被做”；have sth to do“有事要做”； 如：
Can you try to get them to bring down the price? (SBI L33)
This Saturday I 'll have something important to do.("有重要的事要做”)
---Good morning, can I help you?
---I'd like to have this package _______, madam.(NMET89')
A, be weighted B, to be weighted C, to weighed D, weighed
(让人秤包裹，have sth done， 选D)
---I can't get my car ______on cold morning.
---Have you tried _______the radiator with hot water?
A, started, to fill B, starting, to fill
C, start, filling D, to start, filling
(让车启动，get sb to do sth，选D)
4，问：The mixture tasted terrible(SBI L6 p6)中taste为半系动词，高中阶段我们学过的这类词有哪些？
答：在高考的复习中，我们一般需要掌握下列这些系动词或半系动词，如：feel, smell, sound, turn, grow， become, get, go, remain, stay, keep, look, seem, appear, fall等。在运用中主要注意系表结构的用法，如：
This kind of cake looks ______, smells ______and tastes ________.
A, good, well, good B, well, good ,well
C, good, good, good D, good, well, well
(三空均为系表结构，都要用形容词，故选C)
Cleaning women in big cities usually get ______by the hour.(NMET98')
A, pay B, paying C, paid D, to pay
(从非谓语角度，是过去分词的用法；从被动角度是被动运用；从系表角度为系表；故选C)
5,问：Don't touch anything unless your teacher tells you to.(SBI L5p5) 中unless与 until能互换吗？他们有何区别？
答：until意为“直到”，通常与not构成not 。。。until“直到。。。才。。。”，引导一个时间状语从句或作时间介词；unless表“如果不。。。”，相当于if。。。not，引导一个条件状语从句。因此，此句不能换成until。如：
You will be late ________you leave immediately.(NMET 97')
A, unless B, until C, if D, or
("你将迟到，除非立即走”，立即走是不迟到的条件，故选A)
You will succeed in the end ________you give up halfway(NMET2001'上海春)
A, even if B, as though C, as long as D, unless
(成功的条件为中途不能放弃，只有unless含not之意，故选D)
Don't ask for more books _________you have finished.
A, unless B, as long as C, until D, or
(“读完后再要书”，有一个时间先后，再兼顾not 。。。until结构，故选C)
6， 问：请讲讲None of you watched carefully enough （SBI L6 p6）中none 与no one的具体区分与运用。
答：先请看下例：
They were all very tired but ______of them would stop to have a rest.(96')
A, any B, some C, none D, neither
None与no one主要区别在于： none表示人或物，可接 of短语, 其用法相当 于every one； no one只表人，不接of短语，其用法相当于everyone.故上例选C. 如：
There’re faults from which none of us is(are) free. None表示人或物，作主语谓语单复数均可；(No one如用of短语表“连一个也不”之义：No one of you could lift it)在用法上，还要注意细致的不同，试比较：
---Who's in the classroom?
----None (F)
---Nobody/no one. (T) （回答who，what的问句一般不用none。）
---How many exercises have you finished?
---No one. (F)
---None. (T)
再看几道高考题：
(1), As we were asleep, _____of us heard the sound.( NMET87')
A, both B, either C, none D, any
(2), They were all very tired but ______of them would stop to have
a rest.(NMET96')
A, any B, some C, none D, neither
(3), We couldn't eat in a restaurant because ______of us
had ______money on us.(NMET91')
A, all, on B, any, no C, none, any D, no one, any
从结构上就可确定二者的不同，故上面的答案均选C 。
7，问：Is anybody seeing you off?
My plane leaves at seven.(SBI L13 p 13)这两句中，为何不用be going to do？是什么用法？
答：趋向动词come, go, leave, begin, start, return,…等的一般现在时和进行时通常表安排或计划好的将来动作，如：
He returns home next Sunday.
The bus starts at 8:00.
--When ______you_____for London.
--Next week.
A, do, leave B, are, leaving
C, will, leave D, did, leave
I've won a holiday for two to Florida. I _________my mum.(NMET2001'上海春)
A, am taking B, have taken C, take D, will have taken
上述两题都是考查趋向动词表将来的用法。因此前题选B，后句选A。
8，问：I could see nothing except a great fire and lots of smoke(SBI L14 p14)如何区分except，besides，except for与except that？
答：在意义上都是“除了。。。之外”，但except是表除开，不计算在内，即减去之意；besides则相反，表除了。。。外还有。。。，包括在内即相加。如：
Besides English, I can speak a little Japanese and Russian.
（包括English）
All of us went to see a film Titanic except Bob.（Bob不在内）
except for主要是指整体中的其中一部分即相属关系。如：
Mary's study is very excellent except for her handwriting.
except that主要是引导一个从属句。 如：
The suit fitted him well ___________the colour was a little brighter. (NMET2000'上海春)
A, except for B, except that C, except when D, besides (选B)
9，问：I'll keep the box in the shade so that the sun doesn't burn the little plants.(SBI L17 p17)中，so that与so。。。that用法有何区分？
答：一，so that和in order that一般引导一个目的状语从句，表“以便”
“为了”；如：
She saved her money _______she might buy a color TV set.
A, so that B, because C, if D, though
"节约钱的目的是为了买彩电”，表目的，选A。也可以用in order to 和so as to接不定式表目的，如：
People had to walk many kilometres in order to fetch wood.(SBI L18)
二，So/Such…that引导一个结果状语从句，“如此。。。以致。。。”之义，如：
His English in one of these articles was so good that Engels wrote him a letter and praised him for it.(L82)
其结构变化如下：
1），So+形/副词+that
Such+形+名词（不可数或可数复数）+that
This was such good advice that we should accept it immediately.
2），So + 形+单数可数名词 +that
Such+a/an+ 形+单数可数名词+that
He tells so moving a story that all of us are moved to tears.
当被修饰的形容词表示“多”或“少”这个概念如 many/much/little/few..则只用So…that:
She had so many novels that she didn't know which one to read first.
3），So+动词/过去分词（被动）+that
It so happened that we met each other at the airport again.
如此碰巧我们又在机场见面了。
4），如果把so/such放在句首强调so所带的部分，则句子要使用倒装：
So badly was he wounded in the battle that he was still in hospital.
10，问：The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month.(SBI L22 p22) 请谈谈agree的全面用法。
答： 动词agree用法很多，常见的用法有：
1）,Agree接不定式，agree to do sth “愿意/同意协助干…”
Jack agreed _______help Mary with her lessons.
A, to B, with C, on D, / （选A）
2）, 接从句，agree that…“同意…”
3）, agree to(介词)sth 接表计划、安排、建议、意见等名词；如：
I don't agree ________your going to Beijing.
A, to B, with C, on D, in （选A）
agree with sb 同意某人的意见；后接人；也可接意见、看法等；
不用于被动结构。也可指气候或食物等适合某人；或表什么与之相符或相配。
如：
The climate doesn't agree with me.
我不适应这种气候。
Your story agrees with what I had already heard.
你所说的与我听说的相符。
I agree ______you but I'm sorry I can't give you any help.
A, to B, on C, with D, about （选C）
agree on/about… “就。。。起得一致意见”，主语一般为复数形式。
由此可构成agree with sb on/about sth.
The date of the meeting _______.
A, has not been agreed on B, has not agreed on
C, agreed upon D, has not been agreed （选A）
11，问：We think that our schools will become even better.(SBI L22,p22)中，even better是什么用法？请予归纳。
答：在形容词和副词的比较级和最高级中，一些词修饰比较级或最高级，表程度的加深如：
A bit, a little, rather, much, many, far, by far, a lot, lots,a great deal, any, still, even, yet, …而By far, much, nearly, almost, not really, ever, first, yet…可修饰最高级。如：
Now it is much easier to make plans for your trips. (SBI L34)
We also believe that many more people will prefer to travel by air. (SBI L34) 再看几道高考题：
---Are you feeling _______?
----Yes. I’m fine now.(97’)
A, any well B, any better C, quite good D, quite better
析： quite不能修饰比较级，any修饰比较级表“好多了”选B.
You’re standing too near the camera. Can you move ______?(NMET2000’上海)
A, a bit far B, a little farther
C, a bit of farther D, a little far
析：a little修饰比较级表程度的加深，选B；C应用a bit。
12， 问：a large number of buildings were burnt. The number of people who lost homes reaches as many as 250,000. (SBI L26)中a number of 与the number of用法有何区分？
答：这两个短语主要的区别在于数的表达上，a number of 表“许多”谓语为复数；the number of表“。。。的数量”，谓语用单数；共同点是它们都接可数名词的复数。如：
The number of people invited _______fifty, but a number of them _______absent for different reasons. (NMET 96')
A, were, was B, was, was C, was , were D, were, were
根据上述的用法，前空表被邀请人的数量，为单数；后空表许多人缺席为复数，故选C。
13， 问：The population in and around San Francisco is now ten times more than it was in 1906. (SBI L27)中， 倍数句型有哪些？如何运用？
答：倍数一般要掌握下面三个句型
(1)…times+as…as…(2)…times+比较级+than…
(3),…times+the length/size/weight/height…of…
With the help of the German experts the factory produced _________cars in 1993 as the year before.(NMET94’上海)
A, as twice many B, as many twice
C, twice as many D, twice many as
After the new technique was introduced, the factory produced _______tractors in 1988 as the year before.(NMET90’)
A, as twice many B, as many twice
C, twice as many D, twice many as
上述两题是倍数句型的运用，基本相似，运用的是倍数句型（1），故两题均选C。
14，问：we might have to change it in a few years' time for a bigger one.
I believe we should buy the smaller one. (SBI L33)中，为什么一句在比较级前用了a，另一句却用了the？
答：这是形容词比较级的两种用法，一般来说，如果
i. 比较两者强调一方比较级前须加the，如:
Which is ________ country, Canada or Australia?(92’)
A, a large B, the larger C, a larger D, larger (选B)
If the manager has to choose between the two, he would say John was ______choice.(NMET95’上海)
A, good B, the best C, better D, the better
（在两者中强调John 故选D.）
ii, （否定词+）a+比较级+名词表（1）最高级泛指意义（2）比较级泛指意义；如：
----How beautifully she sings!
----I have never heard _________-(NMET96’).
A, the better voice B, a good voice
C, the best voice D, a better voice
（这是我听过的最好的歌声，表最高级意义，选D.）
---If you don’t like the red coat, take the blue one.
---Ok, but do you have _____size for me.(NMET93’)
A, big B, a bigger C, the big D, the bigger
（要一个大一点的型号，表比较级泛指，选B）
15， 问：It can be grown in places where it is too cold to grow rice. (SBI L33)
请说说too。。。to句型的全面用法。
答：too。。。to句型的用法要注意三点，1）too+adj。+to do表“太。。。而不。。。”之意， 如：
I got up too late to catch the train so I had to go by plane.
我起床太晚没赶上火车，因此不得不乘飞机。
2），too。。。for。。。表对“。。。太。。。”；for一般后接名词或代词，如：
This kind of clothes is too expensive for us students.
这种衣服对我们学生说太贵了（买不起）。
3），当too前有not， only，never，but时，too。。。to结构在意义上表肯定，如：
----Will you please do me a favour?
----Yes, I'm only too pleased ________you.
A, that I'd like to help B, that I can't help
C, not to help D, to help
首先 too...to不与that从句连用，排除A，B；由于only在too前表肯定，根据上下题意，选D。一般来说，能这样用的形容词有：happy, glad, anxious, eager, willing, thankful, true, easy, pleased...等
SBI Unit10--18课本知识要点
1，问：在I prefer horse riding to shooting（SBI L37）中，prefer有哪些用法？
答：prefer表“宁愿”“喜欢”之意，常见的搭配有：
1），prefer A to B to 为介词，“喜欢。。。不喜欢。。。”如：
She preferred playing the piano to watching television.
2), prefer to do sth "宁愿干。。。”， to为不定式；如：
The students preferred to go out for a walk after class.
3), prefer sb to do sth "宁愿某人干。。。”；如：
Our teacher prefers us to go over lessons.
4), prefer to do sth rather than do sth "宁愿干。。。而不愿干。。。”，一般其后的不定式不带to；如：
Rather than _______to see a film yesterday, John ______to read at home.
A, go out, preferred, B, went out, preferred
C, to go out, would prefer D, going out, prefer
(根据上述的结构选A)
5），would rather +that从句，从句一般用虚拟。如：
Would you prefer that I play tennis with you instead of football next Sunday?
I would prefer that you went there with me.
2, 问：在During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular(SBI L42)中， 年代的表达为什么有s和the？
答：我们在表达某年时，用in +年代，如in 1980；但如果表达1980--1989特指这10年，就要用the和s表达。一般可以有两种形式：in the 1980s 或in the 1980's表达，如：
It is not rare in _______that people in _______fifties are going to university for further education.(NMET99'上海)
A, 90s, the B, the 90s, / C, 90s, their D, the 90s, their
首先从上可排除答案C，A，它们是错误结构；而从in one's
+年龄整十的复数词组中，选定物主代词their，故选D。
3，问：在So far I haven't had any success(L44)
In the past two years he has sold millions of records(L43)这两个句子中，so far， in the past 。。。years为现在完成时的时间状语，象这种时间状语还有哪些？
答：现在完成时的常用的时间状语有since, for, so far, the first time, in the past few(five/...)years(days...) ,up till now, from then on, already, yet, just, ever…等，掌握了它们，对解题有重要的作用，如：
---How are you today?(NMET2ooo')
---Oh, I ___________as ill as I do now for a very long time.
A, didn’t feel B, wasn’t feeling C, don’t feel D, haven’t felt
从for a very long time可以看出，动作延续了一段时间，如果把句子主干提出来即I ___________ ill for a very long time就很明显看出动作为完成时，故选D。
另外在掌握现在完成式时，也要特别注意两个特殊句型：1）It's first(second/next/last...)time..的从句应用现在完成时，如：
----Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I _________here.(NMET97’)
A, was B, have been C, came D, am coming
2），It is(was)+时间段+since+过去时（过去完成时）。。。主要用于间断性动词与一段时间连用，如：
---What was the party like?
----Wonderful. It's years ______I enjoyed myself so much.(93')
A, after B, before C, when D, since
4，问：They are of great help to learners of English(L46)中，为什么用of？
答：因为help为名词，用“of+名词”，相当于一个相应的形容词，描述事物的性质、作用或特征，如：
A Chinese-English dictionary is of great importance to beginners of English.
You'll find this map of great _______in helping you to get around London (NMET98')
A, price B, cost C, value D, usefulness
5, 问：The CCTV has been broadcasting English programmes ever since(L 47)这句中，现在完成进行时怎么用？
答：现在完成进行时主要是表示，动作从过去开始一直持续到现在，或有继续持续的趋势；它主要强调动作的不间断。如：
---Why didn't you answer the phone?
---I _______when you called.
A, had to have slept B, have to be sleeping
C, must have been sleeping D, must have slept
“睡觉”一直在进行，没被电话叫醒，故选C。又如：
----Hi, Tracy, you look tired.
---I am tired. I __________the living room all day.(NMET98’)
A ,painted B, had painted
C, have been painting D, have painted
考查对完成时中动作的延续的理解和运用，“全天都一直在漆起居室”，故选C。
6，问：Fighting broke out between the two.
This was the American Civil War, which lasted four years.(L50)中，break out 与last无被动，哪些动词不能用被动形式表达？
答：高中阶段我们学过的词组如happen, last, spread, end, take place, break out, come out, belong to, go out, burst forth, die out, run out, give out…等常不用被动。如：
The newly imported foreign film lasts almost three hours.
Great changes have taken place in the whole world since the end of World war II.
The news spreads quickly in the town.
而有些词如Seat, hide, dress…等在中国人看来不能用被动的英语中却要用,如：
He was seated at the back of the classroom.
The enemy were hidden in the forest.
She was dressed in red.
I had never seen the feeling ______, until I saw it _____boy.
A, break out, on the dying B, beak out, in the dead
C, broken out, in the dying D, break out, in the dying
7，问：Have you considered using lab in your free class?( L53) 中consider用法有哪些？
答：consider的用法应从两方面去掌握，1），意义上的不同，有“考虑”和“认为”两种意思；2）在结构上，其后可接动名词，疑问词+不定式，以及that从句；表“认为”时，不定式作宾补可构成consider sth/sb （to be）。。。/as。。。如：
Now, Galileo is _______one of the founders of modern science.
A, treated B, think of C, regarded D, considered
A、B、C均要用as，但consider可接as，也可用consider 。。。to be。。。形式，表“认为。。。是”，to be可省略，故此题选D。又如：
Charley Babbage is generally considered ________the first computer.
A, to have invented B, inventing
C, to invent D, having invented
表“认为”，用不定式作宾补表达，由于动作发生在先，故用完成时的不定式，选A。
而课本中的consider为“考虑”之意，如：
When I got home, I first considered writing to him.
Have you considered how to get there as quickly as possible?
8, 问：I suggest you ask Mr Wu (l53)
I suggest you choose someone who you think is kind and friendly.(L54)
I advise you not to eat fruit that isn't ripe in future.(L57)中，怎样区分和使用suggest和advise？
答：suggest和advise表“建议”“劝告”之意时，都接动名词作宾语，suggest/advise doing sth；都接从句，从句用虚拟should + 动原，should可省。如：
She suggested/advised going for an outing next Sunday.
He advised/suggested that we (should) have a meeting on Friday afternoon.
但当advise接不定式作宾补时，构成advise sb to do sth，不能换用suggest；当suggest表示“暗示”“表明”“提出”“使人想起”等义时，不能换用advise。 如：
The expression on her face suggests that she has known the secret.( suggest为“表明”，不能换用advise，且从句用陈述语气)
My teacher advised us to attend some lectures on English. (不能换用suggest)
----Do you know where the woman is from?
----No. But when she talked to me yesterday, her accent suggested that she ______a native from Shanghai.
A, should be B, was C, be D, were
由于此句suggest意为“表明”，故从句用陈述语气，选B。
9，问：I used to get along very well with my cousin and we used to be very good friends.（L54）和What will the money be used for?(L65)两句中，use用法有什么不同，要注意哪些？
答：Use的运用一般从以下几方面来掌握：
(1),表“被用来”。Be used for/be used in/be used to do
”It” is often used----------a baby.
A, to refer to B, in referring
C, to referring to D, in referring to
用于被动语态，选A。
(2). used to “过去常常”，可作情态动词，与现在形成对比；而 would表过去的习惯，“总是”，“惯于”。如
I don’t swam so often as I -----------.
A, would B, used to C, used to be D, was used to
表“过去常常”，选B。
同时，Used 可构成问句，否定句用 usedn’t。
Used you to have a walk after supper?
~Did you use to have a walk after supper?
We usedn’t to have a walk after supper.
~We didn’t use to have a walk after supper.
They used to get up late,-----------?
A, didn’t they B, usedn’t they
C, wouldn’t they D, both A and B
(3),be/get used to 表“习惯于”，注意to此处为介词。
He is used to comfortable life.
I got used to reading newspapers after breakfast.
Mr Smith isn’t used to-------to like that.
A, speak B, being spoken C, speaking D, be spoken
“习惯于。。。”，to为介词，且为被动，故选B。
10，问：You will use most of all, perhaps as much as 650 calories an hour.(L58) 和They will mend the car as soon as possible(L23)两句中as。。。as的用法区别在那里？as。。。as的固定用法要注意哪些？
答：as…as 属于比较句范畴，as much as一般修饰不可数，as many as修饰可数。但有些结构已转换成为固定用法。如：
as early as(早在) as/so far as（远到/就。。。而言） as near as（近在） as late as（近到/迟到） as soon as（尽早/尽快）as well as（也/和。。。都/除。。。外还） as long as（和。。。一样长/只要，既然） as good as（和。。。一样好/几乎是，事实上是）。。。如：
There are no mistakes in your composition______I can see.
A, as far as B, as good as C, as long as D, as well as
表“据。。。所知”，选A。
此外还可构成as+a./adv.+as possible.如：
as soon as possible/as early as possible/as many/much as possible/as quickly as possible….表“尽可能。。。”；这种结构可以换成as。。。as +主语+can/could。如：
You must write as ______as you can.
A, careful B, carefully
C, more careful D, more carefully
As _______he opened the door and went out into the frosty December night.
A, possible as quiet B, possible as quickly
C, quiet as possible D, quietly as possible
根据如上结构，分别选B，D。
11，问：The fire lasted about four hours before the firefighters could control it(L62)中，before的特殊用法要注意那些？
答：一般来说，before的用法高中需掌握下列几种用法：
1),引导时间状语，表“在。。。以前”；
I'll finish reading this novel before marry comes back.
2),句型It was/is/will be+时间段+ before…“过了。。。久才”“要过。。。久才”（否定句表“不要。。。久就”“过不了。。。久就”）
It won't be long ______you regret what you have done.
A, after B, before C, since D, until
(“过不了多久你就会后悔你所做的事了”，选B)
3), Before引导的从句多为肯定而不用否定结构，但有时却含否定意义,如：(1)，before引导从句的动作尚未发生，主句的动作已完成；“不等。。。就”“尚未。。。就”; 如课文中的例句就属于此类，再看下例高考题，“不等我接电话他们就挂了”， 故选D.
Someone called me up in the middle of the night, but they hung up _____I could answer the phone.(NMET2000')
A, as B, since C, until D, before
(2),表示“防止”“以免”；
Do it now before you forget. 现在就做以免忘记了。
(3), before sb. Know it. “不知不觉/还没弄清楚就。。。”“很快”相当于：
before you know where you are或before you can say Jack Robinson这种成语用法。
Before he knew it, his piece of meat fell into the water.
不知不觉地，他的那块肉就掉进了水里。
此外， before作连词 具有选择性，常与will/would连用表“宁愿。。。决不”：
True men would choose death before he is dishonored.
大丈夫宁死不屈。
12，问：At all these centres it is hoped that one day they will have enough animals to set them free.(L66)中，It is hoped that...之类的句型的运用是怎样的？
答：这类句型属于信息来源模糊式的表达方式；一般有三种句型：1），It is/was +p.p+that... 2),sb/sth +is/was +p.p +to do sth 3), people/...+v.+that...除了hope外，能这样用的动词还有It is/was said/reported/believed/expected/known/remembered/thought/
suggested/told/decided....等。实质上，这也是及物动词被动的运用，也是主语从句的形式主语的表现。如下列高考题：
Robert is said _______abroad, but I don't know what country he studied in. (NMET99')
A, to have studied B, to study
C, to be studying D, to have been studying
显然，这是上述所讲句型的变化，为句式2的结构，由于下文studied说明了动作在前发生，谈的是过去的事，不定式当然应用完成式来表达先后，故选A。
13， 问：She married a man with a lot of money.(L69)请问marry的用法有那些？
答：marry的使用一般注意下面几点：
1），marry sb 表达三个意思即：“娶某人”“嫁给某人”“为某人主持婚礼”；如：She married well “她嫁给了意中人”。
2），get/be married 表婚姻状况或结果，如:
My uncle didn't get married until he was forty-five.
3），be/get married to sb 一般表达延续性的婚姻情况，注意此处不用with，如: I have been married to Mary for 15 years.
4), marry的名词marriage可以和to/with搭配，如：
Her marriage to/with Tom satisfies her parents well.
14, 问：It was worth five hundred francs at the most.(L70)中，worth的用法要掌握那些？
答：worth为形容词，只作表语或后置定语；worth后也可接名词，多为钱或价格等，如课文中的用法；worth后一般接动名词，主动表被动意义， 如：
This bicycle is worth repairing, for you often use it.
同时，要注意worthy的用法与worth的区分；worthy一般为前置定语，如He is a worthy leader of the Party. worthy of其后一般接名词、动名词的被动式，worthy还可接不定式的被动式；如：
His suggestion is worthy of consideration.
His suggestion is worthy of being considered.
His suggestion is worthy to be considered.
15, 问：That's why I now look so old.(L70)它与that's because...句型有何区分？
答：That's why。。。“那就是为什么。。。”，表前因后果； That's because。。。“那是因为。。。”，表前果后因，两者都是引导的表语从句。如：
----I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
----Is that _______you had a few days off? (NMET 99')
A, why B, when C, what D, where
“上周到珠海参加空展”是“请假”的原因，即“请假”为结果，that代上句，形成前因后果，即使有选项because也能区别开，故选A。
SBI Unit19--26
1,问：There are women police offices, women doctors ...and so on(L73)中，名词作定语的用法要注意些什么？
答：名词修饰名词时，前一名词通常用原形修饰，名词作定语要注意一些习惯表达如：
coffee cup/ school library/telephone number/school education/baby speech/air pollution/summer camp/street light/
college student…但men/women /gentleman在修饰其他名词时，如为复数要作相应的变化如：men teachers, women drivers, men doctors…如：
Let's stop by the ______ on the way home. (NMET96')
A, books store B, book's store
C, book store D, store of books
He said that two ________would come to our village the next day.
A, women's doctor B, women doctors
C, woman doctors D, women doctor
名词作定语用原形，不用's, woman要用复数，故前题选C，后题选B.
2， 问： But I had to lie to the company and pretend to be a man in order to get a job.(L74)中，lie的运用要注意哪些？
答：与lie有关的要注意三个词：
lie--lied--lied--lying “撒谎”，规则动词，作及物动词时宾语前常加to，lie to sb “对某人说谎”；作名词时，有tell sb a lie， a white lie“善意的谎言”等。
lie---lay--lain--lying “躺”“位于”，不规则不及物动词。表“位于”常形成词组lie to/in/on/off
lie--laid--laid--laying“放”“搁”“产卵”，不规则及物动词。如：
The boy who ______to me yesterday ______on the grass.
A, lied, is laying B, lay, laid
C, laid, lay D, lied, is lying
“对我说谎的孩子就躺在草地上”，前一空是“说谎”，后一空是“躺”，故选D。
3，问：At the same time another kind of paper was developed, made from silk.(L78)中，为什么用made from不用made of？有关的词组还有哪些？
答：be made from “由。。。制成”（看得出原材料）；be made from“由。。。制成”（看不出原材料），上句纸是丝绸制成，看不出原材料，故要用made from。此外，与动词make组成的词组还要注意下面这些：
be made into “。。。被制成。。。”
be made in “。。。产于。。。”“在。。。制造”
be made out of “（整个产品）由。。。制成”
be made up of “（整体）由。。。成分组成”
make up “虚构”“编造”
make use of “利用”
---Can you tell me the uses of bamboo?
----Bamboo can _____baskets, houses, water pipes and so on.
A, make B, make into C, made into D, be made into
"竹子可做成。。。”， 故选D。
4，问：The woodcutter was standing next to a fallen tree, with lots of small pieces of wood in front of him.(L81)请说说with复合短语的各种运用？
答：with复合结构一般结构为：with+名词+--ing/过去分词/形容词/介词短语等，其作用相当于一个状语从句。如：
_____production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.(2ooo')
A, As B, For C, With D, Though
这属于with+名词+介词短语，表原因，故选C。当其后为动词时，要看与其前的名词或代词的关系，如：
She felt very nervous, with so many eyes ______on her.
A, fix B, fixing C, fixed D, fixes
With the question _____, they were happy and relaxed.
A, settled B, was settled C, settling D, being settled
由于eyes 与fix 为主动关系，the question 与settle为被动关系，故前题选B，后题选A。
5，问：Before long he had to move on again.(L82)中， before long与 long before有何区别？
答：Before long表“不久”“很快”，before为介词，long是名词，在句中作状语，多与动词的过去时或将来时连用； long before表“很久以前”，long为副词，单独使用before为副词；long before后可接名词、代词；before也可引导一个时间状语从句，常与过去时或过去完成式连用。如：
That happened long before. 那是很久以前发生的。
---When will your new book _____?
---________, I think.
A, come out, Long before B, be come out, Before long
C, come out, Before long D, come out, Day and night
书出版，无被动形式，第一空填come out；不久就会出版，故答案应为C。
6，问：Ireland is divided into two countries(L86)
The two countries are separated by the Irish Sea.(L86) 中，divide与 separate用法有何区分？
答：divide“把。。。分成”，指把整体划分成若干份，一般形成搭配divide。。。into/among； separate“把。。。和。。。分隔开”，可指分离，离别，脱离等之意，常形成separate。。。from搭配。如：
Go and fetch the apple--pie, and ______it equally _____your friends and you.
A, divide, between B, separate, from
C, divided, in D, separate, between
That they ________their parents during their long trip, frightened them.
A, separated by B, were separated from
C, were divided into D, divided with
根据以上的理解，分别选A， B。
7，问：I don't feel like walking very much today.(L89)英语中有哪些词后一定要跟动名词？
答：英语中一般只接动名词的词有以下这些：
advise/suggest /risk /devote to/ stand/have/bear/look forward to /stop/give up /put off/delay /regret /miss /persist in /insist on/stick to /enjoy/appreciate/practise /finish /pay attention to /excuse/pardon/avoid/escape/object to/consider/want/need
/require/forbid/can’t help /admit/permit/allow /get（be ）used to
/mind /be worth /set about/get down to /imagine/feel like等，如：
I can hardly imagine Peter_____ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.
A, sail B, sailing C, to sail D, to have sailed （选B）
8，问：The water level of the lake was going to rise by 63 metres.(L90)中，by是什么用法？它还有哪些用法？
答：by作为介词的用法，在高中主要注意下列几种：
1），“在。。。旁” Come and sit by my side.
2），“经过。。。” He walked by me without speaking.
3), “在。。。期间” Do you prefer travelling by night or by day?
4），“（指时间）不迟于。。。”“在。。。之前”
Can you finish the work by tomorrow?
5)，连接时间、长度、重量、数量等
The boss paid a labourer by the day(the hour...)
6），表方式、工具或方法
We usually travel by sea(land/bus/car/plane/air...)
He makes a living by teaching .
The man was killed by a falling tree.
The policeman caught him by the hand.
例句中by的用法属于第5点用法，连接数量，表数量的增加或减少，又如；
The number of the employees has grown from 1000 to 1200. This means it has risen _____20 percent.(99'上海)
A, by B, at C, to D, with
表数量的增减，故选A。
9，问：There must be over two hundred here(L97)
It must be a "D"(L97)
You must be joking. You can't be serious.(L98)这几个句子是情态动词的推测用法，请问情态动词推测用法有哪些？
答：从高考看情态动词的推测用法主要掌握对现在和对过去的推测用法；如：
Put more clothes, you_______be feeling cold with only a shirt on(NMET85')
A, can B, could C, would D, must
Must+v.或 must be doing表示对现在发生的事情或状态的肯定推测。“多穿点衣服，只穿一件衬衫一定很冷”故此题选D. 而must+have done则表示对过去发生的事情的肯定推测，如：
I didn't hear the phone. I ______asleep. (89')
A, must be B, must have been
C, should have been D, should be
“我没有听到电话，一定睡着了”对过去肯定的推测，故选B.
--Are you coming to Jeff's party?(2000')
---I'm not sure. I_______go to the concert instead.
A, must B, would C, should D, might
may/might/could 用于对事情的可能性的推测。“我不确定 是否参加Jeff的宴会，可能我会去听演奏会”故选D. 而May/might+have done则表示对过去的可能性的推测，can/could 用于问句表可能性的推测，can't/couldn't +have done则是对过去的否定的推测如：
There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.
----It ______a comfortable journey.(95')
A, can't be B, shouldn't be
C, mustn't have been D, couldn't have been
“车里已有五个人了，他们还是设法带上我”，“那一定是个不舒服的旅行”为对过去的否定推测用法故选D.
10，问："I didn't know you were coming", said one(L98)这种时态使用要注意什么？
答：这是时态中对过去发生事情的认识题型，在运用中一定要对说话的内容进行揣测，这种时态一般用过去时表达，是高考的一个重点，因为它最讲究上下文的照应，如：
---Hey, look where you are going?
----Oh, I’m terribly sorry.__________（99’）
A,I’m not noticing B,I wasn't noticing
C,I haven't noticed D, I don’t notice
上句说“你走错了”，暗示下句是在认识到错后的解释；“没注意只是过去没注意，现在经提醒已知道了”，因此这是属于过去没有认识的问题，用过去式，选B.又如：
---Nancy is not coming tonight.
---But she ______! (98')
A, promises B, promised C, will promise D, had promised
“Nancy今晚不会来了”“可是她答应过”，从上下文分析，这是对过去事的一种描述，是对过去事物的认识，故选B。
11，问："Will he please make himself known to me?"一句中，known可以改成know吗？为什么？
答：此句不能换用know，因为这是一种复合宾语的用法，一般来说，英语中有两类动词后可接宾语+宾补构成复合宾语，一类是感官动词，另一类是使役动词，宾补的形式有不带to的不定式、现在分词和过去分词，这要看宾补与宾语的关系来确定。本例know与himself为被动关系，故只能用过去分词。常见的这类动词还有get，want，need，leave，set，hear，see，find等。如：
The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see __________the next year.(2000’)
A, carry out B, carrying out C, carried out D, to carry out
可以看出这是see the plan carried out，宾补关系，但为被动，故选C。
12，问：Would you mind giving a talk today about DNA?（L98）可不可以换成do you mind。。。？有何区分？
答：可以。主要是在语气上的区别，would you mind。。。？语气更委婉；因此在接从句时，不能互换。Would you mind if…接从句的句中一般用过去式表虚拟，试比较下面两句的不同：
Would you mind if I opened the door.
Do you mind if I keep pets in this building?
高中英语第二册单元知识要点
Unit1--9
1, 问：He soon drew other cartoon characters like Donald Duck and during the 1920s and the 1930s he made scores of cartoons about them.(L2)中，score与dozen概数与确数的表达有什么不同？
答：ten, hundred, thousand, million, billion, couple, dozen, score等一般符合以下的规律：
1） hundred, thousand, million等数词前可加上a few, some, many, several等词表不确定的数目；这些词的前面有明确的基数词时，不加－ｓ;表示不确切的数目时需加s；如：
a few hundred people some thousand persons many hundred men …
five hundred, six thousand four million …
hundreds of thousands of millions of …
2) score/dozen除了与上述的用法相同外，他们还有其他特殊的用法。
ｉ，用“基数词＋score/dozen”表确切数字时，其末尾无ｓ，后ｏｆ多省略。
a dozen (of ) people two dozen (of) eggs three score (of) students
ii, dozen, score与 many,several等词连用时，末尾不加 -s，且没有 of ；如 :several /many dozen people 但人称代词、无主代词或指示代词前的of不可省略；如：
a dozen of these people, two dozen of them, three score of them
iii, dozen/score修饰物质名词时， of不可省略；但其前的dozen/score可以是复数，如：several dozen of wine =several dozens of wine(dozens =dozen bottles ) 如：
Shortly after the accident, two _______policemen were sent to the spot to keep order(92')
A, dozen of B, dozens C, dozen D, dozens of
There are nearly ______students in each class of our school.
A, three scores B, three score of C, three scores of D, scores
试比较两题的不同，根据score 与dozen在表达确数的不同，前题选C；后题选B。又如：
______people in the world are sending information by E-mail every day.(2001'上海春)
A, Several million B, Many millions
C, Several millions D, Many million of
根据概数与确数的表达原则，several为确数，故用单数名词表达，选A。
巩固练习：
1), There are ______on my table, you can take them away.
A, several dozens pencils B, several dozens of pencil
C, several dozens pencil D, several dozen pencils
2), _______years ago, no people lived in this lonely land.
A, Scores of B, Score of C, Three scores D, Three scores of
3), We have bought _________English books.
A, two dozens B, dozens C, two dozen D, two dozens of
4), ________them are black, the others are white.
A, Three scores of B, Three score of C, Three score D, Scores of
5) Mr. Smith _______to buy several _________eggs for the dinner party.(94')
A, asked, dozen B, suggested, dozens of
C, had, dozen D, persuaded, dozens
(DACBA)
2，问：There were lots of good rides, though. (L4)一句中though、 however与but在用法上有什么区分？
答：though与however都是副词，表“可是”“然而”“不过”等之意，不同的是however的位置比较灵活，可以在句首、句中和句尾；though只能放在句末；but一般连接两个并列分句表转折。如：
There were lots of good games, though.
The work is done well, _____it could be done better.
A, and B, however, C, but D, though
“工作做得好，但可以做得更好”，两个分句的连接，选C。
3，问：In Britain, which has a population of only 58 million people.(L6)一句中，population的用法，为什么其前要加a？
答：population一般为抽象名词，谓语的数为单数，如：The population in this country is 3 billion. 但当其后有of时，其数与of后的名词一致，如：The population of the workers in this country are 50,000. 问人口一般用what,修饰不用 many, much; 而用large, small。例句在其前加ａ属于抽象名词具体化的用法。英语中有些抽象名词一般为不可数名词，但是如果有前置形容词或后置限定，则它们的数和意义可发生变化即由抽象变为具体。如a good time, a good sweat, a university education, a lively traffic of ideas（活跃的思想交流）…等，类似的词还有：surprise/success/failure/pleasure/interestjoy/
help/honor/exercise/experience/population/depth/speed/height/history....如：
London lies on the River Thames and has a population of seven million.(SBIL 86)
Many had to leave Ireland and traveled to Britain or to North America to look for a better life.(SBIL87)
Today life has improved for the population, although many farmers in the west continue to lead a simple life.(SBI87)
Many people agree that __________knowledge of English is a must in ___________international trade today.(NMET96')
A, a, / B, the, an C, the, the D, /, the
Knowledge为抽象名词，由于 English 的修饰使之具体化，选A。
4, 问：83% have tried more than once to give it up(L7) 一句中，能不能说give up it？ give的词组高中要掌握哪些？
答： 此句不能换用，因为give up为动副短语，代词应置于动副之间。在高中阶段，还要掌握的与之有关的短语有下面一些：
give in （to sb）投降，屈服，顺从
He has given in to my views.
give sth in 上交 Please give in your examination paper on time.
give away 赠送，分配，泄露
He gave away all his money to the Hope Project.
give back (to sb)归还
Please give a thing back to its rightful owner.
give off 放出（烟、气味等）
give out 耗尽，用尽，公布，分发
Our food supplies began to give out.
be given to 喜爱干。。。
He is given to drinking.
give it to 责备、惩罚
I'll give it to you when I catch you.
give up 放弃、不再做、把。。。献给
My father has given up smoking.
He has given up his life to teaching.
请看如下例：
The radio has just ________the result of the football match.
A, given off B, given in C, given up D, given out
The old man __________all her books to the children in the village school.
A, gave in B, gave away C, gave out D, gave up
After a long match, Young pioneers _________.
A, worn out B, tired out C, gave out D, worked out
(D B C)
5，问：These gestures are accepted both by Chinese and English speakers as having the same meaning.(L10)一句中，as有哪些用法？
答：as的用法很多，主要有下面这些：
1），作介词，表“作为。。。”“当作。。。”如例句。
2），作副词，表程度，用于as。。。as中的第一个as；
3），作关系代词，引导定语从句或插入语，常与such，as搭配；
4），作连词，引导方式状语从句、时间状语从句、原因状语从句和让步状语从句。如：
Let us study as he did. ( “像。。。一样”引导方式状语从句)
As young, she studied hard and got two degrees.
(“当。。。”引导时间状语从句)
As I didn't know the time, I was late for the meeting.
(“由于。。。”引导原因状语从句)
Child as he was, he knew a great deal of that thing.
("虽然。。。”引导让步状语从句)
此外，可形成as long as引导条件状语从句；与as if/though连用在be，seem，look等后引导表语从句；和so that/so as to连用引导结果状语从句等。如：
These houses are sold at such a low price _____people expected.(2000'春上海)
A, like B, as C, that D, which
as作关系代词，引导定语从句，与such形成such。。。as结构，故选B。
6，问：It is good manners for an Arab to stand close to his friend when they are talking.(L11)一句中，it是什么用法？
答：It此句为形式主语，真正的主语是其后的不定式短语。考查It作形式主语和形式宾语是高考的一个重点，如：
With the development of science, _______is possible that people can
get __________energy from the wind and the sun.
A, it, more B, which, more and more
C, that, more or less D, everything , much
(It作形式主语，真正的主语是其后的主语从句，选 A)
I hate _______when people talk with their mouthful. (NMET98')
A, it B, that C, these D, them
（It用作形式宾语,真正的宾语是其后的宾语从句，选A）
7，问：There's no more time left for adding new stories.(L14)一句中，there be句型高中学习中要注意哪些？
答：首先，掌握句型There be sb doing sth/There be sth done的句型，如：There is a boy swimming in the river./There are some apples left for you.
同时，要注意There be的多种句型的运用，如：
there is going to be /there will be/there seems to be/there happens to be/there appears to be/there used to be…等及其there be句型数的临近原则和附加问句的构成。如：
There seems to be something wrong with the TV set.
There used to be a tower over there.
What a pity my new computer doesn't work. _______must be something wrong with it.(99'上海)
A, It B, There C, This D, That
句型there's something wrong with sth/sb, 与must连用表肯定的推测，故选B。
I want ______by the window.
A, that there is a vase B, there is a vase
C, to be a vase D, there to be a vase
表存在句型，想在窗旁放上花瓶，花瓶并没有存在，故用to be，选D。
8，问：Chaplin had developed his own manner of acting, the one that was to become world famous.(L18)一句中，替代词one，it ，that如何区别？
答：近几年来that / it/ one的替代考查几乎年年都有。而且这种用法也是代词运
用中的一个难点，应引起我们的高度重视。如：
1）,Few pleasures can equal_______ of a cool drink on a hot day. (NMET99")
A, some B, any C, that D, those
2),----Why don't we take a little break?
----Didn't we just have _______?( NMET2000')
A, it B, that C, one D, this
3), I hate _______when people talk with their mouthful. (NMET98')
A, it B, that C, these D, them
析：上面句1替代的特定的被限定的事物即pleasure of a cool drink要选C; 句2是一种情景的理解，“为什么我们不休息一下呢？”“我们刚才不是已休息了一次吗？”替代一次休息为泛指故选C; 而句3 考查的是it作形式宾语的用法因此选A。
一般来说，one替代一个不确定的人或物，只代可数名词； it替代特定的同一的事物，既可代可数又可代不可数；它除了指代上下文的事或温度、天气、时间、距离等外，还用于语法上的形式主语和形式宾语的替代； that 指代特定的但不同一的事物，既代可数又代不可数，相当于the+名词，它有复数形式为those.又如：
I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have _______.(95')
A, it B, those C, them D, one
Mr Zhang gave the text books to all the pupils except ______who
had already taken them.(92')
A, ones B, the ones C, some D, the others （答案：D B）
9，问：He makes it seem as if this is one of the most delicious meals that he has ever enjoyed(L19)一句中，请谈谈seem的具体用法。
答：Seem表说话人主观的判断或表示主语可能的情况，常有下列用法：
1），接形容词或名词，可加to be，seem （to be）+a./n.
The maths problem seems(to be) difficult to work out.
2),接动词不定式作宾语，表“似乎。。。”
The Englishman seemed to have a very bad cold.
3),与like+n/-ing连用，表“看起来像。。。”
It seems like years since we separated at the airport.
All this happened so suddenly and ______a dream.
A, seemed B, seemed as if C, seemed like D, seemed as
(选C)
4),句型It seems/seemed that...
It seems/seemed as if...
It seemed as if the boy would be punished by his mother.（陈述）
It seems as if she had read this novel.（虚拟）
10, 问：They are difficult to find, aren't they?(L24)为什么不用to be found？
答：这是主动表被动的运用。不定式中被动含义主动表达一般有下列几种：
(1),不定式的逻辑主语为动作的执行者，或不定式与所修饰的词在逻辑上有动宾关系：
Do you have anything to say for yourself before you die?
The theory is too difficult for a child to understand.
(2), 在一些 be +形容词 + to不定式的结构中，如 easy,difficult,hard,impossible,interesting,pleasant,nice,fit,ganderous,light,heavy,important等：
I don't think this so-called big movie is terribly interesting to watch.
He is hard to satisfy.
This maths problem is easy to work out.
(3),There be句型中 ， something ,anything, nothing作主语时，作定语的不定式的主动和被动有区分：
There's nothing to do---I'm bored.
无事可干，我闷的慌。
There's nothing to be done--I'll have to give it up.
没办法，我只得放弃。
(4)，在too...to和 adj+enough to do句型中，不定式主动表被动：
The light is too weak to read by.
The ice was thick enough to walk on.
11, 问：I'll tell you something that does sound strange.(L25)为什么要用does？
答：这是强调用法。这种强调一般用于一般现在时和一般过去时，一般来说，
强调肯定句或祈使句中的谓语动词时，要用助动词do/does/did，如：
Smith did say that at the conference.
I do like swimming in summer holiday.
注意与强调句子的句型it is/was。。。that/who。。。区别开。如：
An awful accident _______, however, occur the other day.(2000'上海)
A, does B, did C, has to D, had to
It is the ability to do the job _____matters not where you come from or what you are.(2000')
A, one B, that C, what D, it
前句强调动词occur，选B；后句强调主语the ability，属于强调句型，选B。
12, 问：Leave her where she is.(L29)是定语从句吗？
答：不是。定语从句where前必须有先行词，而此句为表地点的状语从句的用法。如：
After the war, a new school building was put up ______there once had been a theatre.(99’)
A, that B, where C, which D, when
She found her calculator _____she lost it.(2000'上海)
A, where B, when C, in which D, that
这两句均是对地点状语从句的考查，分别选B、A。
13, 问：If everyone in the country knew first aid, many lives would be saved.(L30)
虚拟语气的基本结构是怎样的？
答：虚拟条件句是根据一个与事实相反的假设作出一个与事实相反的判断，或是一种单纯的愿望。我们一般说的虚拟用法是指条件和结果在同一时间范畴之内。其谓语动词的主要形式如下：
1), 表现在： 条件从句用动词过去式（be用were），主句用would/should/could/might等+动原.
If I were you, I shouldn't do it like that.
If I listened to the teacher carefully, I could work out this problem.
2), 表过去：条件从句用had +过去分词，主句用would/should/could/might等+ have+过去分词。
If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.
"If you had really listened carefully in class, you would not have made so many mistakes." the teacher said to the boy.
3), 表将来：条件从句用动词的过去式或should+动原或 were to +动原，主句用would/should/could/might等+动原。
If it should rain, the crops would be saved.
注意：1,在表示将来的虚拟条件从句中，一般不用would/could/might而用should；2在主句中用 不同的情态动词意义略有不同。如：should 应该would 将/愿意/总是could 能够/可能might可能 ought to应该/可以 等等。3,在条件从句中如果省略if，则常用部分倒装。
My cat would not have bitten the toy fish, ________ it was made of rubber.
A, if she has known B, she would have known
C, if she know D, had she known
14, 问：Polluted rivers and lakes have also a cause of death.(L35)
One suggested answer is for farmers to limit the numbers of their cattle.(L34)
分词作定语与动名词作定语有何区分？
答：分词作定语与名词同样重读；它与完全名化--ing不同，后者重音落在--ing上；一般来说， 分词只修饰人或物的动作；区别分词与名化的--ing，是看能否变为一个定语从句：
a waiting car =a car that is waiting分词 a waiting room动名词
a sleeping child =a child that is sleeping分词
a sleeping car 动名词
一般说，分词作定语在意义上等于一个定语从句：
developing countries =countries that are developing
liberated areas =areas that have been liberated
15,问： In all there are probably no more than a total of 400 tigers left in China.(L35)no more than 与not more than 有何区分？
答：no more than表“仅仅”“只有”，相当于only；not more than表“不超过”“不多于”，相当于at most；如：
He has no more than 20 yuan.(顶多20元)
He has not more than 20 yuan.（不超过20元）
这种结构可归纳为：
no+比较级+than从句=。。。as+反意的形容词+as。。。
not+比较级+than从句=。。。not as/to+ 形容词+as。。。
He is no cleverer than you. 他和你一样笨。
His handwriting was not better than yours.他的书法没有你的好。
SBII 单元知识要点
1, permit, allow与 promise的区分运用
permit与allow都可作“允许”讲，但allow不及permit积极，allow
为“容许”，有“并不禁止”之义；而permit是“允许”或“准许”。promise
表示答应或允诺，用于主语答应自己要做什么的场合。他们均可直接跟
复合宾语，allow/permit/promise sb to do sth；但如果接动词做宾语，allow/
permit只跟-ing作宾语，promise后接动词不定式作宾语。如：
The nurse allowed the visitors to remain beyond the hospital visiting hours,
though it was not permitted.
Will you allow me to use your pen?
They don't allow/permit parking in the street.
He promised to look into the matter.
同时注意下列短语的意义：keep a promise “遵守诺言”；
break a promise“不守诺言”；carry Out a promise“完成诺言”；
make a promise“许下诺言”
2，while，when与as引导时间状语的运用
1），while相当于at the time that/during the time that“在某一段时间里”；常表示一段长的时间或一个过程，强调主句的动词和从句所表示的动作或状态是同时发生的。由while引导的从句中的动词必须是延续性动词。While I was writing letters last night, he was watching TV.
Please keep quiet while others are studying.
2), when引导的时间状语从句中的动词既可是延续性的，又可为非延续性的，既可表点时间又可表段时间。
When I went into the lab, the old teacher was doing an experiment.
When I was at college, I went to the reading-room every day.
3),while 与when与分词连用表谓语动词与分词动作同时发生。
While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with Jim.
When going home, she met Betty.
4),as常与when /while通用，但它强调主从句中的动作或事情同时发生，因此表“一面。。。一面。。。”之义。
As/when/while I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of number 37.
5),while也可作并列连词表转折，“而”“却”：
Instead, he asked his father why he was not able to hatch chickens while hens could.
3,如何区分cost, pay,spend,take buy的不同？
cost作动词，表“花费（钱、时间、劳力等）”，不用于被动。常构成sth cost sb。。。
The watch costs us thirty thousand dollars.
作名词可数或不可数均可，表“成本、价钱、费用”。
Living costs are usually higher in cities than in the countryside.
What's the cost of that computer?
Pay一般构成：pay 。。。for。。。
spend： spend 。。。on sth/（in） doing sth
take： It takes sb 。。。to do sth
buy： sb buy sth for some money
The book _____me ten yuan.
A, spent B, paid C, took D, cost
4，die的几个短语的使用：
首先要注意die（vi）的几个词性的变化：dead (adj.) death (n.)
dying (adj.) “垂死的”“衰败的”。
Die of 因饥、老、病、寒、毒等而死；
Die from 因衰弱、外因、不节制等死亡；
Die by 因暴行、刀剑、缢杀等致死；
Die with 死于（心情）忧愁、羞耻、愤怒等。
此外，要注意die out “熄灭”“绝种”（=die off），“不复存在”；die away(die down) “平息”“静下来”。
If we don’t care about the rare animals in nature they will _____soon.
A, die of B, die out C, die away D, die from
The sound of the footsteps _____in the distance.
A, died away B, died out C, died off D, died with
I’m really _____a drink on such a hot day.
A, dying for B, dying out C, dying away D, dying down
5, keep的有关运用：
keep doing sth 继续不断干。。。强调动作的延续性或连续性；
keep on doing…强调动作的反复性；
keep sb doing…让某人一直处于。。。/使。。。一直干。。。可换成have；
keep sb from doing…=prevent sb from doing…/stop sb from doing… 阻止某人 干。。。在主动中keep后的from不能省；在被动中，上述词组均不能省from；
keep sb busy in doing…使某人忙于干。。。in可省；
can’t keep from doing…=can’t help doing…情不自禁干。。。/忍不住干。。。
The girl ______her eyes with the back of her hand when she heard the bad news.
A, kept wiping B, kept on wiping
C, was keeping wiping D, was kept wiping
They had a little difficulty ______the fire ________.
A, to keep, burn B, to keep ,burning
C, in keeping, burning, D, in keeping, to burn
The heavy snow ______him _____on time.
A, kept , going there B, stopped, going there
C, stopped, from going there D, B and C
6, 如何区分have on、wear、put on 、dress？
have on 与wear表状态，但have ｏｎ不用现在进行时；ｗｅａｒ可广泛地用于穿衣服、袜子、戴帽子、手套、眼镜、手表、留胡须等；
He is wearing/has on new clothes today.
ｐｕｔ ｏｎ/pull on(表很随便地)表动作；ｔｒｙ ｏｎ表试穿；
That's a bit expensive. Can I try them on, please?
He put on his cap and went out.
He pulled on a blanket as if to keep himself warm.
be dressed in表状态，ｉｎ可接衣物名称或表颜色的词；
dress sb 给。。。穿衣服。
We are going to dress the baby in new clothes and take her to Summer Palace.
7, 趣谈word
__________came that his _________should be kept secret.
A, A word, words B, The word, word C, Word, words D, Words, word
解析：word这个词在高中英语学习中要掌握两个意义即：
（1），表“语言”“字”“词”“话语”；此时它为可数名词，如：
When we speak we put thoughts into words.
我们说话时用语言表达思想。
He didn’t say a word about it.
他对那事只字未提。
A word in season makes everybody happy.
一句合适宜的话会让大家都高兴。
Words failed me when I met my long-lost brother.
当我见到久别的兄弟时激动得说不出话来。
（2），表“消息”“音信”“命令”“信誉”等时为不可数如：
Word came that I was wanted at home.
家里传来消息要我回去。
His word is law, so his words must be obeyed.
他的命令是法律，因此他的话必须要遵守。
You can trust him, for he always keeps his word.
你可以相信他，因为他很守信用。
由此可知，上述题表示“消息传来他的话应该保密”，前一空为不可数名词表“消息”，word前不用冠词，后一空表“话语”为可数，故要选C. 但要注意有些比较固定的用法和词组，如：
in a/one word 总之/一句话 word for/by word逐字逐句
in other words 换句话说 in one’s own words 用某人自己的话说
have a word with sb.与某人谈一下 have words with sb.和某人争吵
Eat one’s word 收回成命/收回说的话 big words 吹牛
Keep/hold/give one’s word 守信 break one’s word 失信
get in a word 插话 leave word留言
I had words with her the other day.
前几天，我曾和她吵过架。
After all his boasting that he would drive the other company out of business, Mr Angus had to eat his words for the other company flourished more than his did.
安格斯先生大言不惭地说他要使另一家公司歇业，但他不得不收回他自己的话，因为这家公司比他的公司更新隆。
试做下列练习：
1, --I’d like ____ information about the management of your hotel please.
--Well, you could have _______word with the manager, he might be helpful.
A, some, a B, an, some C, some, some D, an, a
2, Have you received _________of his coming?
A, a word B, words C, the word D, word
3, Please retell the story __________.
A, in your own words B, with your won words
C, by your own words D, for your own words
4, No matter what he explained, we didn’t believe his ________.
A, words B, word C, saying D, own speaking
5, ________came that the art festival would be held soon.
A, Word B, A word C, words D, the word
(Key: A C A B A)
8, 你知道do的特殊用法吗？
An awful accident ________, however, occur the other day.(2000'上海)
A, does B, did C, has to D, had to
这是do用于强调的用法。通常，do（does、did）用于动词的现在或过去的一般式，以加强语气，起强调作用。如上应选B。除此之外，我们还要掌握了解下面的用法。
1），用作代动词
He writes better than I do.
---Did you see him?
---Yes, I did. (但do不能代替被动语态、进行体和动名词形式，如：
Their papers are kept as carefully as ours are kept)
2),对于解释do的表语，动词可直接用原形。如：
What we should not do is have the water running all the night.
3),表达特殊的意义a，不及物动词，表“做、行动”：It's time to be doing
b,用于进行体中表“发生”：What's doing over there? c,表“行了”“足够了”： That will do./Such carelessness will never do. d, 用作助动词构成疑问、倒装和否定。
4），含do的短语
do some cleaning/cooking/reading/shopping/washing/writing......
do up 整理，梳理 do right 做得对 do away with 取消，废除 do with 利用，处理 do for 适合。。。之用，照料 do sb. wrong 冤枉。。。do sb. good 善待。。。，对。。。有好处 do well in 在。。。干得好 do without 没有。。。也行 have something/nothing to do with与。。。有关（无关）
The medicine will _______you good.
A, do B, save C, give D, help
9, 你能区分fairly, quite, rather与pretty吗？
It’s fairly warmer today than it was yesterday.(╳)
解析：fairly, quite, rather与pretty此四词均可改变形容词的份量；但fairly不用于比较级前，一般用rather来加强比较级的份量,因此上述句子中的fairly应改为rather。另外Rather与too连用，其余三词则不可，如：
The old man is rather too sure of himself.
Quite/rather均可用在冠词前，如：
It’s quite/rather a nice day.
但rather还可以置于不定冠词和定冠词之后，如：
This is rather a surprising result.
There is the rather tall boy in the corner.
Quite/rather还可修饰动词和名词，如：
She is quite a beauty.她真是个美人。
That’s quite another story.那完全是另外一回事。
He has quite recovered from his illness.
他的病完全康复了。
She’s rather a dear.她是个相当可爱的人。
I rather think you may be mistaken.
我倒认为你可能错了。
不过，我们也可从这几个词的运用语气上来区分他们的修饰程度，一般来说，从份量上按其程度以照fairly—quite—rather/pretty的顺序逐渐加深；如：
This is a fairly easy book.(此书浅显，难易适当)
This is a quite easy book. （此书太过浅显了点儿）
This is a rather easy book.（此书太简单，不适合读）
pretty与rather程度相当，如：
The situation seems pretty hopeless. (几乎无望)
It’s pretty cold outdoors today. (不是一般的冷)
试做下列练习：
1,I can’t make a decision now. I need ____ more time to think it over.
A, rather B, fairly C, quite D, lot
2, It’s a _____difficult question, so it’s ________impossible for me to answer it.
A, too, quite B, so, fairly C, rather, quite D, very, rather
3, It’s_____ hotter this year than it was last year.
A, quite B, rather C, fairly D, very
4, I can’t reach it, it is _______over my head.
A, very B, well C, fairly D, rather
5, The weather is ________warm and fit for swimming.
A, too B, much C, fairy D, rather
（key: A C B B B）
10, 你能区别"坚持”词组吗？
(1), stick to 多用于坚持“原则、计划、决定或诺言等；强调长时间不改变。
He always sticks to the rules in the office.
“Congratulate you, Mr Dodd” he said, “You and your friend stuck
to your guns nobly.(勇敢地坚持到底)
Once they had drawn a conclusion, they ______it.
A, insist on B, carried out C, kept D, stuck to
析：“他们一旦得出结论，就会坚持它”从意义和时态上选D.
He stuck to practise the piano two hours a day.(×)
析：因为stick to 中的to为介词故要把practise改
为 practising。
(2), insist on/upon 多用于表坚持“意见、看法和主张”等；强调强烈的要求或主张。
I insist on his coming early.
He insisted on the importance of being punctual.（守时）
Mother insisted that children went to bed earlier.(×)
析：Insist后接从句，有陈述和虚拟两种用法。陈述用法表“坚持说”，一般指已发生的情况；如：He insisted that he had handed in the exercise book. 虚拟用法表“坚持要求”，从句用should+动原，should可省略，故上句went改为go.
(3),persist in 多表示坚持行动；指经常性或连续性的活动。有时用于“固执几见”或“坚持不改”。
He persisted in studies in his spare time .
She persists in wearing that old-fashioned blouse.
(4), keep on 表示某一行为或动作的不停止。
Karl Marx kept on studying English.
巩固练习：
1, Our teacher always __________what he says.
A, sticks to B, insists on C, keeps on D, remains
2, In order to enrich his vocabulary, he __________reading English novels.
A, insisted on B, stuck to C, went on D, kept on
3, She insisted that a doctor ________ immediately.
A, had sent for B, send C, be sent for D, was sent
4, She insisted that she __________the film Titanic before.
A, see B, have seen C, had seen D, should see
5, I will have another glass if you __________.
A, persist B, stick C, insist D, ask
(Key: A D C C C)
11,but用法小议
1），介词but与except同义，表“除。。。之外”，但except强调所排除的人或事物；而but则强调其他的人或事。
Everybody except John was able to answer.
Nobody knew her name but me.
2),but常与 no/nobody/nothing/all/anybody等连用，或置于 who/where/what等之后。
There is no one here but me.
Who but a fool should do such a thing?
3),介词but后除了可接名词，代词，还可接不定式或不带to的不定式即动词原形，很少接名词性从句。一般遵循前有do后省to的原则。
There seemed nothing else to do but send for a doctor.
He wanted nothing but to stay here.
4),注意一些与but的搭配关系
用来表转折或递进关系，作连词用：but yet“当”“可是”“然而”
I agree with you, but yet I cannot leave for Beijing at once.
not that…but that… “不是（因为）。。。而是（因为）。。。“
Not that she forgot to do her homework, but that she was busy nursing a sick classmate.
but then “但另一方面。。。”
The method is good, but then it will take too much time.
B,用来表示条件或让步，作介词或连词用：
But for +名词 或but that +从句 “要是不。。。”“要是没有。。。”“假使不。。”
相当于If not。。。/without。。。，用于含蓄的虚拟。
But for your help, we should not have succeeded.
But that you saw it, you could not have believed it.
Not but that(=not but what)=although “虽然。。。”
He is very strong---not but that he will catch cold sometimes.
He has never walked so far---not but what he could do it if he tried.
C,用来表示否定的意见，作介词和连词
But that接在疑问词或否定词后相当于that not， 表否定
Who knows but that he may succeed?
But 在anything/everything/anywhere/everywhere等后表“绝不是。。。”
That little bridge is anything but safe.
Tom was everywhere but Scotland.
D, but与某些词搭配相当于一个副词
Can ｂｕｔ （＝ｃａｎ ｏｎｌｙ） “只能。。。”
I can but try my best to help you.
All but (=almost/nearly) “几乎”“差不多。。。”
The child was all but run over by the car.
Be but too do sth (but too=very much) 句义无否定而是肯定。
We are but too glad to meet you
Nothing but ,nothing else but =nothing other than/only
“只不过”“不外乎是”
He always does nothing but think of making money.
Cannot but do/ cannot help but do/could not but do/cannot choose but do/could not choose but do/could not help but do “不得不。。。”“只好。。。”
I cannot but rely on you.
巩固练习：
1), She could not choose but ______her mother the truth.
A, tell B, to tell C, telling D, told
2), I never talk about the man ______I think of the happy life with him.
A, that B, and C, but D, who
3), Tom did nothing but _______back what he had said.
A, taken B, took C, taking D, take
4), The doctor told him nothing but ________smoking.
A, to stop B, stopping C, stop D, stopped
(ACDA)
12,略谈rather than与rather。。。than的使用
1），注意rather than的两端所连接的词要遵循平行的原则
The colour seems green rather than blue.
I like tea rather than coffee.
He resigned rather than stifle his conscience.他宁可辞职也不违背自己的良知。
I decided to telephone rather than write.
rather than 后接动原与时态变化其意义发生变化，接原形多表“宁愿。。。不愿。。。”；接一致的时态变化动词，则表客观事实，并非主观愿望。如：
The boy walked rather than ran.
My aunt went rather than stayed.
2),rather than/rather...than表客观事实时，多表“是。。。而不是。。。”“与其说。。。不如说。。。”除接不定式表主观愿望外，大都侧重客观上的差异，如：
It was a careful experiment rather than a careless one.
This is rather for her parents to decide than for her brother.
I like to stay here rather than to see a film.
3),此外rather than 常与would /had rather...than...连用，此时than后接动原； rather than也常与 prefer to do连用，其后也用动原。特别是当rather than位于句首时，其后只能接动原。
Rather than run the risk of losing everything, they accept his term.
He always prefers to start early rather than leave everything to the last minute.
Liu hulan would rather die than give in.
13, Seem , appear与 look
１）这三个词作为系动词，表“看起来像。。。”“显得”“好象”“似乎”等意思，但appear强调外表给人以某种印象，有时含有实质上并非如此的意味；seem暗示某种看法具有一定的根据，往往接近于实际的情况；look着重于由视觉得到的印象。如：
She seems quite happy with her work.
She appeared to be happy, but she was unhappy.
The box looks heavy.
2), 在运用中seem/appear/look均可接形容词、过去分词、名词或介词短语作表语，以及as if/as though从句，从句用陈述或虚拟均可；如：
He appears/seems/looks very friendly to us.
She looks/seems/appears an unusually clever little girl.
The old lady looked/appeared/seemed in good health.
It looks/seems/appears as though we shall have to walk home.
It almost seemed/looked/appeared as if the good man were trying to teach us all he knew at this last lesson.
3), appear/seem可接动词不定式作表语； look不可以，他可接be的不定式。如：
They seemed/appeared not to know each other.
He looks/appears/seems to be the best person for the job.
4),在句型 it appear/seem +从句 和 there seem/appear.... 结构中不用look；在习语look like look oneself （看起来和平常一样） look one’s age （看起来与实际年龄相仿） look one’s best（最能显现优点）等结构中不能用seem/appear。
It appeared/seemed that he had a taste for music.
It appeared/seemed that he was reading when I entered the room.
There seemed/appeared no need for them to go so early that morning.
巩固练习：
1), Mr. Brown ________quite old.
A, looks like B, appear C, has seemed to be D, appeared to be
2), With his dark hair and light skin he ______his mother.
A, just likes B, looks just like C, appears just like D, is seeming like
3), She _______as if she _______up the whole night.
A, looks, had stayed B, looked, stayed C, seemed, stay D, appears, stays
4), --It _______that there will be an election soon.
--__________.
A, appears, It seems so B, seemed, So seems it
C, looks, It seems not D, Seems, So it seems
5),It _________she will win.
A, appears true that B, appears true
C, is appearing true that D, appears what
(DBADA)
14,如何用英语表达许多？
1），与可数名词复数形式连用表“许多”的词和词组主要有：many，a great/good many （of）， a great/large number of， scores of，dozens of等。如：
Many of them have left for the countryside.
A number of my friends think I should take a holiday.
I have heard that scores of times.
A great many of them are out of work.
A good many students went an outing last Sunday.
2),与不可数名词连用的表“许多”的词或词组有：much, a great/good deal of, a large amount of等，如：
There is a great deal of snow on the ground.
A million dollars is a large amount of money to me.
I couldn't write much in today's exam.
3), the number of.../the amount of...表“。。。的数量，the number of 与可数名词的复数连用；the amount of与不可数连用；两者作主语其谓语的数为单数。
The number of the books in the school library is large.
The amount of money spent on the bridge was large.
4), 既可与可数又可与不可数连接的表”许多”的词组有：a lot of ,lots of, plenty of, a great/large quantity of, great/large quantities of.
There is plenty of rain in this area.(肯定句中用plenty of，问句用enough；否定用much/many)
A large quantity of books have been translated into foreign languages.
A huge quantity of food is sent out by cars every day.
Quantities of food were on the table.
巩固练习：
1）, The wounded soldier lost ________of blood.
A, a large quantities B, a great number C, great deal D, a large quantity
2), Isn't there _______water in the bottle? You may drink it.
A, some B, any C, a lot D, little
3), "Even in my _______years the world has changed", my grandfather said to us.
A, three scores of B, three scores C,three score of D, three score
4), There is ________mistake in the book. It's not worth reading.
A, a good many B, a number of C, many a D, a lot of
5), He took _______practice and succeeded at last.
A, a plenty of B, great deal of C, a number of D, a lot of
(DACCD)
15, But some people don't want good farmland to be built on.(SBII L65)谈谈吊尾介词的使用：
After she considered the problem, she got a tall box to stand ______.(95')
A, by B, on C, up D, with
分析：不定式to stand...此处作了 a tall box的定语；a tall box在逻辑上是stand的宾语；若无介词on，则在逻辑上意义不通，故吊尾介词不能省略。选B。此句可理解成： she stood on a tall box 一般来说，在下列场合使用吊尾介词：
一，在定语从句中先行词被不及物动词所修饰，其后要用吊尾介词。如：
He is the very man I spoke to just now.
I found a house we could live in.
二，以what，whose，who，whatever等引导的宾语从句、表语从句中也出现吊尾介词：
I don't know what you do it for.
I wondered whose house he was in.
三，强调句型和特殊问句中由于被强调部分和疑问词位置的变更，常出现吊尾介词：
It was the poor boy that we gave the books to.
What are you listening to?
四，不及物的不定式动词修饰表“涉及对象、场所、工具、手段、方式、材料”等意义的名词时，常带吊尾介词：
He is a good comrade to work with.
There is nothing for us to worry about.
五，某些形容词后的不定式作主语补足语，即主语在逻辑上为不定式动词的宾语：
The river is good to swim in.
The girl is easy to get along with.
The problem is worth dealing with.
The book is worthy to be referred to.
六，被动语态中由于宾语被提到句首作主语，动词要保留吊尾介词：
He was listened to to sing in the next room.
The poor girl has never been looked after well in the big family.
巩固练习：
1), Never in my life have I ________in that manner.
A, been spoken B, spoken to C, been spoken to D, spoken
2), Look! Who is the patient _______?
A, who operates B, operated C, being operated on D, operating on
3), With your help, we have nothing ________.
A, worrying B, to worry C, to worry about
4), The baby requires ___________carefully. It caught a fever.
A, to be looked B, looking at C, to be looked after D, looking after
5),Was the shot play written by Bernard Shaw and performed by my classmates _________the party?
A, put B, put on C, put at D, put on at
(CCCDD)
16,谈谈英语中表未实现的意图、安排和希望的几种结构：
一，用was/were going to+不定式表未实现的意图或打算：
I was going to see you last night, but the heavy rain prevented me.
二，用Was/were about to +不定式一般式表未曾实现的意图：
Mrs. Green was about to begin, but Jennie spoke first.
三，用was/were to +不定式完成式表未实现的安排：
He was to have given the first talk, but he came late.
The plane was to have taken off at six, but something went wrong.
四，用think/expect/suppose/hope/believe等动词的过去完成式接宾语从句表未实现的意图、打算或希望等：
They had hoped that they would be able to see more of Beijing, but the time didn't permit.
五，用intend/want/plan/hope/expect等动词的一般过去时接不定式的完成式；或动词的完成时接不定式的一般式表未曾实现的意图、打算或安排：
I had intended to see you off at the airport but got there too late.
I intended to have seen you off at the airport but got there too late.
六，用情态动词+不定式完成式表未实现的意图、打算或安排：
You should have come here ten minutes ago.
He could have turned to her for help.
The potatoes would have been better with a bit more salt.
We'd like/love to have gone to the match but the tickets were all sold out.
We would rather/had better have bought the book that day.
17, Most及其注意点：
most前加the用于构成形容词、副词的最高级；most不加the，表“非常”“十分”“极其”“很”等之义，为副词；如其后有单数可数名词，其前还要加a；作形容词表“大部分”“大多数”，修饰可数名词的复数形式；most作名词可接of，表大多数（的人或物）。
mostly表“大部分地”“在大多数情况下”，副词。
She smiled to the people around but ________looked straight ahead, getting hold of her husband’s hand.
A, almost B, mostly C, most D, clearly
“当时她面带微笑看着周围的人，但大多数情况下抓着丈夫的手，眼睛向前看”，因此选B。
almost表“几乎”“差不多”，表情形接近某一个标准。与nearly比较，almost更接近，程度更深；同时almost的含义更模糊、抽象，因此在科技英语中与数词连用时多用nearly。nearly一般表某目标发展趋势或易于衡量的东西的程度，否则多用almost。
与never/nobody/nowhere/no one/no/none/nothing连用只用almost；与not连用多用nearly，表“远没有。。。”
5）at most=at the most t 与at least相反，表“至多”。
巩固练习：
1), The members of the winning team are ______college students.
A, most B, at most C, mostly D, almost
2), The students are _________young people between the ages of sixteen and twenty.(88’)
A, most B, almost C, mostly D, at most
3), She is __________out on Sundays, isn’t at home on ________Sundays.
A, most, mostly B, mostly, most C, at most, almost D, almost, mostly
4), The boy is tall and he can ________reach the ceiling if he jumps up.
A, almost B, hardly C, ever D, mainly
5), ________none of them knows about it. I don’t ______know about it, either.
A, Nearly ,almost B, Almost , nearly C, Almost, almost D, Nearly, nearly
(CCBAB)
18, 有这样一道题：
She first burst __________and __________.
A, out laughing, out tears B, into laughter, into tears
C, into laughing, out crying D, out laughing, into tears
参考答案选D，我认为B也可以，请说说理由。
解答：此题中AC的搭配有明显错误。BD表达正如你说的在语法上都是正确的。但在说话中往往我们更遵循习惯，由于burst into tears在习惯上比 burst out crying用的更普遍； burst out laughing比 burst into laughter更普遍，相比而言，D为最佳。有时 burst into tears 还可用burst out into tears/burst out into crying来取代。另外，我们还要掌握burst的下列用法：
1），burst vi 爆裂、炸破
When I told our father about this, his heart burst.
2), burst forth 爆发、喷出、突然说起
I had never before seen the feeling of being oppressed, bursting forth like a fire.
3), burst on/upon(a conversation) 打断
4), burst into (a house) 撞入
On hearing the sad news , she couldn't help ________.
A, bursting out crying B, to burst into tears
C, to burst forth crying D, breaking out crying
When he found that he failed thoroughly, he burst _________.
A, out tears B, out laughter C, into cry D, out laughing
(AD)
19, Suppose用法小结
1），“想”“认为”（=think，guess）
I don't suppose she'll agree with us on the matter. (否定转移)
We suppose him to be an expert in this field. (suppose sth/sb to be...)
be supposed to... 表“应该”“理应”“本应”（=should），用来表根据规定人们不得不做某事，或期待发生的事。如：
Lucy was supposed to come to lunch, what happened?
He is supposed to be here on time. (he doesn't turn up)
与so /not连用，形成suppose so/suppose not/。。。not suppose so：
---Will it rain?
---I suppose not. /I don't suppose so.
与think一样构成插入语：
What do you suppose is the right way out of difficulty?
2), “假定”“设想” （=be thought，take it as a fact）
suppose sth/sb to be...
Let's suppose the news to be true.
suppose that...
Suppose (that) the earth were flat.
Suppose we put off the meeting till tomorrow.(表建议)
suppose/supposing 置于句首表条件，“假设”“万一”“倘若”，相当于if：
Suppose/supposing it rains tomorrow, what shall we do?
20, due用法小议
1）due adj。“所欠的”“应付的”，在句中多作表语。
The tax is due at the end of this month.
The bill has become due.
2), “应该到达的”“预定的”“预期的”。用作表语形容词，形成be due to do/be due for。。。
The train is due to arrive at 5:00pm.
Surely you aren't due for leave yet.
How much is due to be paid?
3), due to 短语介词， 表“由于”“应归功于。。。”“多亏。。。”
My success is due to him.
His death is due to an accident.
21, place用法注意点
1），in place of “代替”，作表语、定语或状语。
We can use plastics in place of wood or metal.
2), take the place of 动词短语，“代替”：
I take the place of your teacher now.
3), take one's place 当回指代词与主语一致时，表“就位”；与主语不一致时，表“代替”：
The man will take your place.
The headmaster took his place.
4), take place “发生”（=happen）
Great changes have taken place in our hometown.
试做下列练习：
1), ______place of the manager?
A, Who is in B, Who shall take the C, Who is in the D, Who will take
2), "take ________! You are old." the young man said.
A, place B, a place C, the place D, my place
3), The teacher took ______place and began her lesson.
A, my B. her C, this D, /
4), ---Do you know when the sports meet ______?
---Next month.
A, take place B, will hold C, will take place D, was held
(ADBC)
22,有关几组词、词组及短语动词的辨析
1）， call in call on call at call for call up call off
call in “请来”“找来”“召来”，有请人来作某种专业的咨询或帮忙的意思。
Your father is ill, you should call in a doctor at once.
The police have been called in to help make it clear.
call on/call at 的意思一样，表“拜访”“访问”，但call on 后接表人的名词或代词；call at 后接表地点或场所的词语。其用法与drop in on/drop in at 同。
I called on the Smiths yesterday.
I called at the doctor's yesterday.
call on 还可表“号召”，接动词不定式。
The headteacher called on the students to work harder.
call for 表“需要”“要求”“提倡”
Success calls for hard work.
People are calling for the freedom of all slaves.
表“接。。。（某人），”“来取。。。（某物）”
I'll call for you at seven this evening.
We call for the package at the post office.
表“喊着要人来取。。。”（=ask for）
The man sat down and called for a glass of beer.
call up “打电话”，“回想起。。。”
I'll call you up tomorrow.
Your letter called up the days when we worked together.
call off “取消”
The sports meeting has been called off because of the bad weather.
（湖南 徐瑛）
2), common ordinary, general usual
common指经常发生的、经常遇见的、共同的、共有的意思，指因许多事情或许多人所共同具备而显得平淡无奇。
We had a lot in common with each other.
ordinary 指事物的性质、标准或人的性格、风度等和普通的没两样，因而显得平常，随处可见，多用作定语。
Einstein was an ordinary man with great achievements.
general 与common比较，意思较强，含“普及”“大众化”“多数”之义，指概括性或倾向性。
Watching TV has become general.
usual用于形容由于长时间没有变化而形成的一种习惯或制度，这种习惯可能是好的也可能是不好的，但是司空见惯的。
He walks to school as usual. (山东 赵炳河)
3）， late later lately latest
late 既可作形容词又可作副词，表不“晚”“迟到”：
He often comes late to school.
later为副词，既可单独使用，又可放在时间名词后，表“。。。以后”
He joined the army in 1960. Later, he became captain.
He arrived in Shanghai in 1987. Three years later, he left for Guangzhou.
lately 副词， 表“最近”，（=recently）
Nothing special has happened lately.
latest 形容词， 表“最新的”“最近的”，多作定语。
This is the latest type of plane. (山东 赵炳河)
4), look up refer to
两个词组都有“参考”“查阅”之义，但用法搭配不同。look up的宾语多为word，information等，不用book，dictionary，sb等；refer to意义比较广泛，可表“参考”“查询”“查找”“谈到”“提及”“涉及”“指”“意思是”等意思，其宾语多为book，dictionary， sb 等。如：
You may look up the word in the dictionary if you don't know its meaning.
When I meet new words I don't know, I often refer to the dictionary.
I don't know what "it" refers to.
He often referred to his brother in his speech. (山东 赵炳河)
5) compare...with compare ...to compared to/with
compare...with “拿。。。。和。。。相比”，指经过两个事物或人的比较，找出其异同；
compare ...to “把。。。比作。。。”找出共同点后，把一方比作另一方；
compared to/with 为过去分词短语，在句中多作状语，可通用，表“拿。。。和。。。相比”。 如：
Compare the glass necklace with the diamond necklace, and we can see the latter is much brighter.
Children are often compared to beautiful flowers.
We often compare the life of person to the stage.
Compared to/with my partner, I'm hard working. (山东 赵炳河)
6) across over through
这组介词都有“穿过”“横过”“越过”之义。
across表从一边横穿过去另一边，表示动作是在某一物体的表面上进行；
over 和across意义相近，表示从一边到另一边时可互换；但当over含“翻越”之义时，不能互换；
through 表市穿过时，其内在意义与in有关，表动作是在某一物体的空间进行的。如：
The students can swim across the river.
Can you jump over(across) the river?
The thief was caught while climbing over the wall.
The River Thames lows through London.
7), be about to be going to be to do
be about to do 表“正要”“马上就。。。”，不能和时间状语连用，但可和副词just以及并列连词连用，其主语只能是人；一般形成be about to do。。。when。。。；
be going to do 表按计划或安排将要做某事，主语一般是人；或目前迹象表明某事很可能发生，主语通常为事；
be to do 表（按计划）将做某事，含有“必要”“企图”“约定”之义，其主语也只能是人。 如：
I was about to go out when the telephone rang.
We're going to walk up the hill this afternoon.
We are to meet at the school gate. （ 陕西 王书正）
8） carry out carry on carry up carry off
carry out 表“进行”，“执行”“开展”“实现”“落实”“贯彻”“实施”；
carry on 表“继续”“经营”“开展”“坚持下去”“从事”；
carry up 表“送上”“供养”；
carry off 表“诱拐”“绑架”。
---It's a good idea. But who's going to ______the plan?
---I think Tom and Greg will.
A, set aside B, carry out C, take in D, get through
---The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ______the next year. (2000')
A, carry out B, carrying out C, carried out D, to carry out
(BC)
9), lose miss
都可表“丢失”“失去”之义，lose一般指失去某物不易找回；miss表“错过”之义，如：
You missed the film. What a pity!
I lost the watch on my way home.
后面若跟人作宾语，lose则指“失去”，miss指“想念”；
The old man lost his only son in the Gulf War.
I haven't seen my uncle for years. I missed him badly.
作宾语、宾补或表语时miss用现在分词形式，而lose用过去分词。如：
I didn't find the key lost/missing until I got to my office.
lose有“输掉”“浪费（时间）”等含义，miss则无此义。
I dare say you will lose the game.
Hurry up. There is no time to lose.
10), fit be fit for suit
这三个词都有“适合”之义，但用法各异。fit为动词，常用来指衣服、鞋、眼睛等物的大小、尺寸、形状等“适合”“合身”；也是表条件、境遇、目的、要求等的“符合”。如：
This dress doesn't fit her.
This pair of shoes doesn't fit him. Have you got a larger pair?
be fit for中的fit是形容词，后接介词for短语，也可接不定式短语；
The world won't be fit for us to live in if we go on polluting it.
These shoes are not fit to wear.
suit “适合”“合。。。之意”“相称”，指符合要求、口味、性格、职位等，从而感到满意。尤其指衣着款式、颜色、发型与本人相配。如：
Red is not the color that suits her.
Does this style suit me?
11), noise voice sound accent
noise指各种“噪音”或“吵闹”“嘈杂声”；
voice 指人的说话声、歌声或笑声。也可指鸟鸣声或狗叫声及拟人的说法；
sound 指任何用耳朵能听到的声音；
accent指人说话的口音。
The noise of traffic kept him awake.
The boy shouted at the top of his voice.
She listened to the low, sad voice of the sea.
I heard a strange sound in the room.
Light travels much faster than sound.
He speaks English with a Japanese accent.
12), hurt harm injure wound
hurt 可以指精神或身体上的“伤害”，指身体上的伤害时，含有较强烈“疼痛”意味。通常只能用作表语；作及物动词表“疼”“难受”；
harm “伤害”，指精神或身体上的伤害，程度较轻，仅引起不便、不适或不安而已。可指具体的伤害，也可指抽象的伤害；
injure 指广义的“损害”，即指各种性质，任何程度，身体或精神上受到损害。指身体受伤时，着重指意外事故中造成的对容貌、肌能等的损坏；
wound 指用外界暴力如割、刺、打、撕扯、射击等而受伤，特指战时的创伤；也可指精神上的创伤。身体内部的受伤不能用wound。
You mustn't move someone if they are badly hurt.
--Where does it hurt?
---My right foot hurts.
Bad books do great harm.
Don't harm your eyes by reading in dim light.
He injured an arm in a car accident.
Come and help! I think she must be injured.
The shot wounded his arm.
Ten soldiers were killed in the battle and twenty wounded.
13), still quiet silent calm
still 主要指“静止”“不动”，可以指环境的安静，也可指姿势保持不动，强调没有动作；
quiet 主要指“安静”，强调没有声音或动作；也指性情温和、安祥、文静或生活悠闲，环境寂静、平静；
silent 指“沉默”，强调不发表意见；也指寂静，强调没有声音；
calm “平静”“镇定”，既可表示外界的安静，又可表内心的镇静。
Please keep still while I take your photograph.
Still waters run deep.
Be quiet, please!
She is a quiet girl.
He said he could not keep silent any longer.
He remained calm in face of the danger.
The sea was fairly calm, and I could see all about.
14), get(be) ready for prepare for
get(be) ready for 强调结果，表示“做好。。。的准备”；get除作系动词外，也可作及物动词，形成get sth ready for的搭配；
be ready 后可接不定式表“准备好做某事。。。”或“乐于干。。。”；
prepare for 表“为某事作准备’；
be prepared to do。。。表“愿意且有能力干。。。”
They got ready for a trip.
Have they got everything ready for the conference?
They are always ready to help others.
The students are busy preparing for the coming examinations.
Some students in this school are prepared to help old men do house-work on
Sundays.
15), as soon as on
as soon as和 on 都可表“一。。。就。。。”，但as soon as 是连词，引导时间状语从句；而on为介词，后面跟-ing形式或表动作的名词短语。如：
As soon as I get there, I will give the letter to him.
On seeing his mother the boy rushed to her.
On their arrival at the working place, they started to work with the workers.
16), knock at knock down knock into knock out of
knock at 指“敲打。。。”
I heard someone knocking at the door
knock down “把。。。撞倒”
He nearly knock me down at the corner.
knock into “碰倒。。。”“撞上某人”
He knocked into the chair in the dark.
knock out of “把。。。敲打出来”
The farmers knocked the seed out of seed-heads.
17），ask demand inquire question require
ask 常用词，表“问”的意思
Did you ask the price of that ten-speed bicycle?
demand 含有强硬、断然的意味
I demand that you leave this place at once.
inquire 多用于较正式的语体，通常用表示打听消息，寻求答案
I have inquired of him whether he could come.
require 指按照权利来“要求”或”命令”
Since he was involved in the case, the court required his appearance.
question 表示一连串问题，有时有盘问、审问之义。
The questioning of the prisoner went on for hours.
18）in the end at the end of by the end of
in the end 不可带of，多单独使用，与at last 同义，表“最后”；
Although he had many failures, he was successful in the end.
at the end of 表“在。。。的末端”；（时间或地点）
There is a new post office at the end of the street.
by the end of “到。。。末尾（为止）”，常与完成时连用。
By the end of last term, we had learned 20 Units.
19), Collect gather
表“聚集”时，collect带有逐渐聚拢之义；gather带有几乎是同时聚拢之义；
A few homeless beggars collected around a fire for warmth.
A crowd immediately gathered around the injured man on the pavement.
表“收集”时，collect表逐一收拢，有目的，有选择地收集；gather只表把三置的东西收拢。
The old man has collected a great number of foreign coins.
The teacher told the boys to collect all the wastepaper lying about after the picnic and burn it.
She told the children to gather up their toys.
20), look at look back look after look down upon/on look for
look forward to look into sth look out look through look up
Look at “看”“检查”
Look at time! We should have been at the theatre ten minutes ago.
Look back “回顾过去”
He never looks back to the old days with regret.
look after “照看”“照料”
He needs to be properly looked after.
look down upon/on “瞧不起。。。”“蔑视。。。”
She looks down on people who've never been to university.
look for “寻找。。。”
We've been looking for you everywhere.
look forward to “期待。。。”“盼望。。。。”
We looked forward to writing to you soon.
look into “调查。。。。”
A working party has been set up to look into the problem.
look out “当心”“小心”
Look out ! there's a car coming.
look through “翻阅。。。”“查阅。。。”“浏览”
She looked through her notes before the examination.
look up “抬头”“查阅。。。”（资料）
She looked up from her book as I entered the room.
Don't look up the new word when you meet some difficulties in reading.
21），get rid of rid sb oneself of sth
get rid of "摆脱。。”“去掉。。。”“除去。。。
rid sb oneself of sth “使某人摆脱掉。。。”
You must get rid of your laziness.
The doctor rid the patient of his pain by taking out the tooth.
注意下面动词的搭配：
rid sb of sth 使某人摆脱
inform sb of sth 通知某人某事
warn sb of sth 警告某人。。。
remind sb of sth 提醒某人。。。。
cheat sb of sth 欺骗某人。。。
rob sb of sth 抢某人东西
persuade sb of sth 说服某人。。。
22), turn a blind eye to turn against turn away turn back turn down turn in turn into turn off turn on turn out turn over turn to sb turn up
turn a blind eye to 对。。。视而不见、回避
turn against 反戈一击、反对。。。、对。。。不满
turn away 不理睬、不再从事、撵走、拒不接受
turn back 返回、打退堂鼓
turn down 拒绝、降低。。。音量，开小
turn in 上交、交回
turn into 变为、变成
turn off 关上。。。；离开。。。；反感；对。。。失去兴趣
turn on 开。。。。；吸引。。。；使。。。感兴趣；责怪
turn out 结果是。。。；最后情况是。。。；关（电灯、煤气）；生产
turn over 移交、随便翻阅
turn to sb 寻求帮助、查阅资料；努力干。。。
turn up 来赴（宴、开会）；出现；放大（音量）；使。。。作呕
例如：
None of them knew when the foreign visitors would _________.
A, turn up B, turn to C, turn in D, turn over
She had no one to _______for advice and called me up.
A, turn in B, turn up C, turn to D, turn out
He wanted to join the army but was ________because he was not old enough.
A, turned down B, turned on C, turned in D, turned back
In the dark street, there wasn't single person ______she could turn for help.(92')
A, to whom B, who C, from whom D, that
______down the radio-----the baby's asleep in the next room.(93')
A, Turning B, Turn C, Turned D, To turn
(A CA AB)
23), set sb free 及其相关短语
set free sth 或set sb free “释放”“使。。。自由”
set作动词，有下列意义：
（太阳的）下沉、下落： The sun sets in the west。
放置、设置： She set the food on the table。
确定（时间）；规定（任务）： Let’s set the time of the meeting。
出（考题）；布置（作业）： who set the examination？
set sb to do sth 使。。。干。。。； 使。。。。处于某种状态：
Don't set little boys to do heavy work.
使固定、镶嵌、烫（发）、创（记录）、树立（榜样）
常见短语：
set about (doing sth) 着手做。。。；开始干。。。
set an example to... 树立榜样
set back 耽误、延缓、阻挠
set down 放下、写下、记下、让。。。下车
set fire to... 对。。。放火；使。。。着火
set off to/for... 动身/前往。。。；出发；使爆炸
set out to do sth 动身/出发；打算；开始做；着手
set up 建成；立起来
set to doing 开始。。。；着手。。。
set to to do sth 开始。。。；着手。。。
set to work to do... 开始干某一工作
作形容词：
确定了的，事前准备好的： He made a set speech。
固定的，规定的，不易改动的： It’s a set policy to control birth rate。
作名词：
一套（物件）： a ten-piece tea set
一批人 : How do you come to be with that set?
和TV/radio连用表“一台；一部”。
例如：
You must ________your work at once, as you wasted a lot of time.
A, set out B, set about C, set out to D, set about to
As soon as the bell rang, the students ________the classroom.
A, set about cleaning B, set about to cleaning
C, set out cleaning D, set to clean
The workers ___________the machine.
A, set to repair B, set out to repairing
C, set to to repair D, set to to repairing
(B A C)
24), in the form of in form take the form of take form
A, in the form of “用。。。。的形式”介词短语
B. in form “形式上”“竞技状态好”
C, take form “成形”
D, take the form of “采取。。。的形式” 如：
It's a story told __A_____letters
If she is __B_____, she can win the match easily.
It took years for our plan to ____C____.
The disease ____D_____high fever and sickness for several days.
25），in future in the future for the future
A, in future 相当于 from now on，表“今后”“以后”，常表离现在较近的一 段将来时间；
B, in the future 相当于 in time yet to come，表“将来”，常指包括in future在内的较远的将来；
C, for the future 表“为将来” 如：
You'd better not go out alone __A_______.
Who knows what will happen ____B______?
It is necessary to plan ______C_____.
26），work out work with work for work at work in work on out of work at work
work out 表“解决”“制定”“算出”
work with “与。。。一起工作”
at work “在工作”
work at “在。。。工作”“致力于。。。。”
out of work “失业”
work on “从事于。。。”“抓紧办理。。。”
work in “在。。。。工作”“从事（某领域）工作”
work for “为。。。。而工作”“为。。。而尽力” 如：
We are working out the next five-year plan at present.
Thousands of workers were out of work in London in 1995.
She was working at a radio shop at the time.
Mr Wang began working on the book in 1994.
This is useful for scientists who work in agriculture.
27), especially specially
especially 表“特别”“尤其”；也可作为程度副词，修饰形容词或副词；
The climate here is very pleasant, especially in Spring.
He looks especially handsome when he is in blue.
specially 表“专门”。
He went to Shanghai specially to see his brother.
28), way method means
这三个词都可表示“方法”“方式”，但用法不同：
way为可数名词，其后一般接不定式，也可接of doing形式；
They had no way to get in touch with Kate.
The teacher had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.
method 是可数名词，常指系统的、逻辑的“方法”“办法”，其后可接of doing，通常不接of +n。，不接不定式：
We use modern methods of teaching English.
I'd like to see more scientific methods used.
means单复数形式相同，当其前加a，one，this，that， every等时，表单数意义；当前加such，these，those，all等时，表复数意义。多用于指抽象或概括性的意思，其后接不定式或of +n。 如：
The quickest means of travel is by air.
What are the best means to realize our purpose?
注意：表“用这种方式”时，介词搭配不同：
in this way, with this method, by this means
29），build put up set up found
build 一般用于建立房屋、桥梁、道路等，也可用于抽象的事物；
A new road was built near our school.
put up 用于盖临时性的房屋，在现代英语中更通俗；
The Arab put up his tent and went to sleep soon.
set up 用于把某物架起来或立起来，较口语化；
People set up a red flag on the square.
found 多指政党、政府的建立、创立，指经过一番艰苦的斗争而最终建立：
When was the Communist Party of China founded?
23，谈go的引申用法
1）， go作系动词，表“变”“变成”，其后多接形容词作表语，表主语由一种状态向另一种状态的转变，通常由好变坏或由正常变特殊：
Fish soon goes bad in hot weather.
He went red with anger when he heard the news.
2), go的过去分词gone与be连用，相当于一个形容词，强调“不在”“丢了”“没有了”的状态：
She looked down and found her necklace was gone.
What I thought was gone with wind.
3), go表不“进行”：
I hope everything goes well with you.
4),go与其他动词构成短语：
go without “没有。。。也行”“勉强对付。。。”
When smokers who are used to nicotine go without it for an hour or two.
go against 违反、反对
If you go against nature and do things at the wrong time of year, you will have to do more work and the results will not be so good.
go ahead 用于口语，表鼓励对方做某事，“干吧”“请吧”“用吧”：
---I wonder if I could use your phone.
---Sure. Go ahead.
24, If 省略句知多少？
当主句的主语和if从句的主语相同时，可省从句的主谓；
If not well prepared, you cannot easily pass the exam.
当if条件句中的主语与另一从句的主语相同时，也可省主谓；
If not today, I am sure his letter will reach you tomorrow.
当if条件句中有it is时，可省it is；
Change the following sentences into the passive voice, if possible.
If necessary, I'll tell him the news.
当if条件句用的是there be 句型时，可省there be；
Correct the mistakes in the passage if any.
I'd like some milk, if any.
if条件句可承上省，即用if not 或if so代前面的情况；
If he comes this afternoon, we'll have a meeting. If not, there will be no meeting.
He will be back next week. If so, things will be better.
在虚拟条件句中省if，则从句要部分倒装。
Were I you, I would have studied even harder.
(说明：此语言点仅收集了一些重要的常见的用法，没有概括完整个高中的所有的语言知识，语法知识不在其列。希望能在教师的指导下先进行全面搜网复习，然后再作重点复习。)
